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Narcolepsy

Definition

Narcolepsy is a disorder of the nervous system. It results in frequent involuntary, episodes of sleep during the day. Sleep attacks can occur while you drive, talk, or work.

Causes

The cause is unknown. It is thought to have a genetic link. There is increasing evidence that it may be an autoimmune disorder. In this type of disorder, the body’s own immune system attacks a part of the brain.

Risk Factors

Having family members with narcolepsy is a risk factor for the condition.

Symptoms

Symptoms usually start during the teenage years. Onset may range from 5-50 years old. Symptoms may worsen with aging. They may improve in women after menopause .
Symptoms include:
  • Excessive daytime sleepiness
  • Daytime involuntary sleep attacks
  • Unrefreshing sleep
  • Sudden loss of muscle tone without loss of consciousness
  • Temporary paralysis while awakening or falling asleep
  • Frightening mental images that appear while awakening or as one falls asleep
  • Memory problems
  • Symptoms may be triggered by:
    • A monotonous environment
    • A warm environment
    • Eating a large meal
    • Strong emotions
Brainstem—Area of Brain Related to Alertness
GM00010 97870 brainstem.jpg
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. If narcolepsy is suspected, you may be referred to a specialist in sleep disorders.
Tests may include:
  • Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT)—measures the onset of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which occurs earlier than normal in narcolepsy
  • General sleep lab study—often done the night before an MSLT; helps to rule out other causes of daytime sleepiness by monitoring:
    • Brain waves
    • Eye movements
    • Muscle activity
    • Respiration
    • Heart beat
    • Blood oxygen levels
    • Total nighttime sleep
    • Amount of nighttime REM sleep
    • Time of onset of REM sleep
    • Degree of daytime sleepiness
  • A questionnaire regarding your degree of daytime sleepiness

Treatment

Treatment may include:
  • Stimulant medicines that increase levels of daytime alertness
  • Antidepressants to help treat symptoms of narcolepsy
Other treatment options include:
  • Planned short naps throughout the day
  • Counseling to cope with issues of self esteem
  • Wearing medical alert jewelry

Prevention

There are no guidelines to prevent narcolepsy. But, you can try to prevent symptoms by:
  • Exercising on a regular basis
  • Getting adequate sleep at night

RESOURCES

Narcolepsy Network http://www.narcolepsynetwork.org

National Sleep Foundation http://www.sleepfoundation.org

CANADIAN RESOURCES

Better Sleep Council of Canada http://www.bettersleep.ca

Health Canada http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca

References

Bhat A, El Sohl AA. Management of narcolepsy. Expert Opin Pharmacotherapy . 2008;9(10):1721-1733.

Dauvilliers Y, Arnulf I, Mignot E. Narcolepsy with cataplexy. Lancet . 2007;369:499-511.

Feldman NT. Narcolepsy. Southern Medical Journal . 2003;96:277-282.

Narcolepsy. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated March 6, 2013. Accessed June 3, 2013.

Narcolepsy fact sheet. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. National Institutes of Health website. Available at: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/narcolepsy/detail%5Fnarcolepsy.htm . Updated December 28, 2011. Accessed June 3, 2013.

Narcolepsy: new understanding of irresistible sleep. Mayo Clinic Proceedings . 2001.

Revision Information

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.

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